PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, FOR, SINCE, ALREADY, JUST, YET

Rapaciñas/o... paréceme a min ou este nivel vai demasiado lento?
Sen lugar a dúbidas, a perfección nos vosos exercizos indica que nos estamos quedando curtos/as.
Nesta ocasión, vou probar a meter un pouquiño máis de présa, porque estou comezando a pensar que vos vai dar o sono!
Ides ver que a teoría e os exercizos desta sesión van estar en castelán... o motivo? Porque, en galego, os tempos perfectos non existes. Polo tanto, non tería xeito de facer que entenderades a equivalencia e que verades exemplos para traducir. Desculpándome por ese detalle... comezamos!

PRESENTE PERFECTO; FOR AND SINCE; ALREADY, JUST AND YET

Present Perfect à Se utiliza cuando en la oración no hay ningún complemento circunstancial de tiempo (no se dice cuándo sucedió). [Pero sí puede haber complementos circunstanciales de frecuencia].

o   Affirmative sentences.

§  Simple: Subject + have/has + verb part + complements.

·         Paula has gone to Oviedo.

§  Continuo: Subject + have/has + been + verb gerund + complements.

·         I have been working for a long time.

o   Negative sentences.

§  Simple: Subject + have/has + not + verb part + complements.

·         Roberto and Sonia haven’t been to anywhere.

§  Continuo: Subject + have/has + not + been + verb gerund + complements.

·         You haven’t been studying this afternoon.

o   Interrogative sentences.

§  Simple: Have/has + subject + verb part + complements.

·         Has Tania studied for her exam?

§  Continuo: Have/has + subject + been + verb gerund + complements.

·         Has Lara been playing football all the morning?

o   Cuándo se utiliza.

§  Cuando, hablando del pasado, no se especifica el momento en que ocurrió la acción.

§  Con las preposiciones referidas al pasado: for y since.

For and since:

o   For à durante o ‘desde hace’.

§  She has been here for 9 days.

o   Since à desde.

§  We have been friends since we are ten years old.

Already, just and yet:

o   Already à ya.

§  I have already listened to that song.

o   Just à “acaba de”.

§  I have just arrived.

o   Yet à aun /ya(interrogativas, negativas).

§  You haven’t finished your dinner yet.

§  Have you read that book yet?

PAST PERFECT

o   Affirmative sentences:

§  Simple:

·         Subject + had + verb part. + complements.

o   You had done it before.

o   Tú lo habías hecho antes.

§  Continuous:

·         Subject + had + been + verb gerund + complements.

o   I had been waiting for you when you knocked the door.

o   Yo había estado esperándote cuando llamaste a la puerta.

o   Negative sentences:

§  Simple:

·         Subject + had + not + verb part + complements.

o   You hadn’t done it before.

o   Tú no lo habías hecho antes.

§  Continuous:

·         Subject + had + not + been + verb gerund + complements.

o   I hadn’t been waiting for you when you knocked the door.

o   Yo no te había estado esperando cuando llamaste a la puerta.

o   Interrogative sentences:

§  Simple:

·         Had + subject + verb part + complements.

o   Had you done it before?

o   ¿Lo habías hecho antes?

§  Continuous:

·         Had + subject + been + verb gerund + complements.

o   Had you been waiting for me when I knocked the door?

o   ¿Habías estado tú esperándome cuando llamé a la puerta?

EXERCIZO 1: TRADUCIÓNS

1. Cuando llegué tú ya te habías marchado.

2. Me di cuenta de que Pedro había estado llorando.

3. Cuando tu madre te preguntó tú aun no habías hecho los deberes.

4. Vine porque tú ya me habías dicho que viniera.

5. ¿Tuvo Andrea que contarte todo  lo que había hecho esa tarde?

6. Sara told me that you had shouted to her.

7. You hadn’t ever done anything like that.

8. Had we done anything to make you angry?

9. We had been playing for hours when the telephone rang.

10.        I knew that you had talked to her but I didn’t tell you anything.

11.        Hemos ido al parque con Hugo.

12.        No he comido nada desde hace horas.

13.        ¿Te has duchado?

14.        Han estado preguntando por ti.

15.        No has estado haciendo nada.

16.        ¿Ha estado tu hermana escondiéndose de mí?

17.        Ya he estado aquí antes.

18.        Acabamos de llegar a casa.

19.        ¿Aun no habéis ordenado vuestra habitación?

20.        He querido decírtelo desde la semana pasada.

21.        You have been walking for two hours.

22.        I know that you haven’t brought what I asked you.

23.        I’m not hungry yet.

24.        Has your sister found what she had lost?

25.        You have been talking all the hour.

26.        Your parents haven’t been looking at you while you were jumping into the swimming pool.

27.        She’s just finished her picture.

28.        Have you been asking for help?

29.        Come when you can; I’m already here.

30.        My friends haven’t found the keys of the car.

EXERCIZO 2:  COMPOSICIÓN

Estudados xa tódolos tempos presentes e pasados, pode que sexa un bo momento para comezar a escribir. Se dominades outros tempos verbais, podédelos empregar aínda que non os teñamos dado polo momento. O exercizo consiste en escribir unha composición dunhas 100 palabras (máis ou menos) que teña por título o seguinte:
"MALE CHAUVINISM AND FEMINISM" (Machismo e feminismo).

Pode ocurrir que nun único comentario non haxa espazo suficiente para presentar ambos exercizos. Por se acaso, escribide a composición nun segundo comentario.

Moito ánimo con esa creatividade e a practicar!!

Bolsa de Biblioteca.

PAST CONTINUOUS

Ola de novo!
Despois da vosa áxil e traballada resposta á sesión anterior, aquí tedes a que nos toca; sobre o pasado continuo.

o   Affirmative sentences.

§  Subject + was/were + verb gerund + complements.

·         Karen was reading a magazine.

o   Negative sentences.

§  Subject + was/were + not + verb gerund + complements.

·         Your team wasn’t playing very well.

o   Interrogative sentences.

§  Was/were + subject + verb gerund + complements.

·         Were you buying a newspaper in the book shop?

Como vedes, a teoría do pasado continuo é moi sinxela. Vexamos como a poñedes en práctica no seguinte exercizo:

1. You were sleeping but I woke you up.
2. Manuel wasn’t wearing his favorite jacket.
3. Were we talking about something important?
4. My friends were dancing all night.
5. I got angry because you were hiding from me.
6. That people were shouting while you were inside.
7. Is the jacket you were wearing yours?
8. She was shouting as if she was crazy.
9. Can you explain to me what you were doing there?
10. Where were you hiding when I looked for you?
11. Of whom is the cat that was making noise all night?
12. Do you mean that Oscar was riding a magazine when you saw him?
13. Eu estaba comendo na cociña cando chegaches.
14. Laura non estaba escribindo na súa libreta.
15. Onde estaba durmindo o teu can?
16. Estabádesvos escondendo de min, verdade?
17. Estaba sendo demasiado aburrida?
18. Esperei a Noelia porque estaba rematando.
19. Aquela nena estaba usando a túa mesa cando cheguei.
20. O coche que estuveches conducindo é noso.
21. Aquela é a muller que estaba pelexando co seu home.
22. Non teño nin idea do que estivo facendo Ana mentres eu estiven fora.
23. Con estiveches falando?
24. Estabas mirando cara atrás cando sucedeu?
25. O papel estábase escapando co vento.

Faremos, para combinar o pasado simple e o pasado continuo, este outro exercizo:

 Fill in with Past Simple or Past Continuous.

o   Last night I __________ (be) alone at home. I __________ (lie) on my bed and I __________ (watch) TV when I __________ (hear) a strange noise. The noise __________ (come) from the kitchen. I __________ (go) downstairs, __________ (pick up) a heavy vase from the table and __________ (head for) the kitchen. I __________ (open) the door very slowly. Then I __________ (see) someone. He __________ (search) in the fridge. I __________ (be) so frightened that I __________ (drop) the vase I __________ (carry) and it __________ (crash) onto the floor. The man __________ (turn) towards the door and I __________ (see) his face. It was my husband!

Estaremos agardando as vosas respostas aos exercizos. Xa sabedes que, se vos parece demasiado, podedes facer soamente parte da tarefa.

A practicar!
Un saúdo,
Bolsa da Biblioteca.

PAST SIMPLE

Ola de novo, mozos e mozas!

Na sesión anterior tiven ocasión de comprobar que, incluso nos aspectos gramaticais onde habitualmente se cometen máis erros, o voso nivel é moi bo. Por este motivo, para esta sesión téñovos preparada unha cantidade de traballo bastante maior e dunha dificultade tamén maior. Para aumenta-la dificultade, nesta ocasión non separarei os exercicios por cada novidade aprendida, senón que os teredes mesturados con cousas de leccións anteriores e entre si. Vai ser un listado bastante longo nesta ocasión (50 traducións). Non tedes por que facelos todos, pero o máis aconsellable é que busquedes un ratiño para facelos.

Comezaremos por aprender/lembrar algunhas cousiñas novas...

Aquí tedes un listado con algúns dos verbos irregulares máis empregados. Ídelos necesitar, porque comezamos cos tempos en pasado! Se vos ides presentar a algunha proba oficial para acredita-lo voso nivel ou se queredes falar en inglés correctamente, é imprescindible que os saibades de memoria. No caso dos verbos regulares, o pasado fórmase engadindo -ed aos infinitivos, como xa lembraredes.

Present	Past	Past Participle
be	was, were	been
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
do	did	done
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
quit	quit	quit
read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
sing	sang	sung
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke (waked)	woken (waked)
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

PAST SIMPLE

- Afirmative sentences:

     Subject + verb past + complements (My father turned on the TV).

- Negative sentences:

     Subject + verb past + not + complements (David was not in bed). [Co verbo TO BE e cos modais].

     Subject + didn't + verb infinitive + complements (Eva didn't learn the lesson).

- Interrogative sentences:

     Verb past + subject + complements (Were you at home last night?). [Co verbo TO BE e cos modais].

     Did + subject + verb infinitive + complements (Did Fernando get to school on time?).

Agora estades en condicións de poñer en práctica o aprendido. Ánimo!

1. Quero que repare-lo meu coche.
2. Fun ao supermercado onte.
3. I was very happy because I had a new computer.
4. Iria está na cama porque se puxo enferma.
5. Compraches un sombreiro novo?
6. Non necesitas que ela te axude.
7. You didn't pay attention to my explanation.
8. Quere Xavier que vaiamos con el?
9. O teu teléfono móbil non soóu.
10. Ana quere que a súa nai lle preste atención.
11. Did your cousin get the job he wanted?
12. Cheguei tarde porque estaba na casa de Adela.
13. Gema non puido ir ao cine.
14. You were in the bathroom.
15. She chose the most beautiful picture.
16. O meu can non necesita que o alimente máis de dúas veces ao día.
17. Necesitamos que ela merque máis arroz?
18. Non puiden entender o que ela me dicía.
19. Juan couldn't do it.
20. Héctor wasn't ready to start.
21. Vós sempre queredes que nós obteñamos peor puntuación no test.
22. O meu bolígrafo non escribía.
23. Were you bored during the party?
24. Non necesitan que quedes con eles.
25. We didn't stop the car.
26. Puideches remata-los teus deberes a tempo?
27. Do you think that I need someone to give me classes?
28. You really need a doctor to revise that hurt.
29. Could the birds fly home?
30. Estabades a túa amiga mais ti na discoteca onte?
31. Os nenos estiveron estudando toda a tarde.
32. She doesn't want her brother to bother her.
33. Did you write the essay?
34. Does he want me to cook anything for dinner?
35. That bird needs its mother to protect it.
36. Non quixeches vir comigo.
37. I didn't go because I was very busy.
38. Ofendinte?
39. We don't want you to come back home.
40. You and your sister need him to drive you everywhere.
41. This is the new toy I bought yesterday.
42. Do they want you to give them your opinion?
43. A túa irma convenceume para que a axudara.
44. Non quero que el volva visita-lo meu amigo.
45. Were you sleeping when I knocked your door?
46. Queres que che regale o meu reloxo?
47. Pablo necesita que o leves ao colexio.
48. Non estaba na casa ás catro e media.
49. I wrote a thousand letters but I didn't send any of them.
50. Paula non quere que lle fales do que ocorreu. 

A traballar! Agardo as vosas respostas nos comentarios.

Feliz Entroido...

Bolsa da Biblioteca.